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In the winter and spring seasons, leeks are commonly grown in small sheds, allowing for a quick harvest within 50 days. Open-field cultivation typically starts 30 to 50 days earlier, which reduces investment while increasing efficiency. The following are the key techniques involved in this cultivation process:
**Variety Selection**
It's essential to choose varieties that are adaptable, early-maturing, cold-resistant, drought-tolerant, and resistant to pests. Examples include Green Stem Large Leaf Leek and Thailand Silk Worm. These varieties ensure better yields and resilience against environmental stress.
**Soil Preparation and Base Fertilization**
Select well-drained, nutrient-rich soil with good water retention. The planting area should be sun-dried and tilled thoroughly. Create raised beds 1.2 meters wide with 0.4 meters between them for proper drainage. Cover the beds with 2-meter-wide plastic film. Apply 1500–2000 kg of well-rotted chicken manure and 100 kg of superphosphate per mu, mixing it evenly into the soil. Ensure the surface is fine and uniform to promote good seed germination.
**Seed Soaking and Germination**
Due to the low temperatures in winter and spring, seeds should first be soaked in hot water at 50–55°C to sterilize them. After cooling, let them soak for 24 hours, then germinate them at around 30°C until the seeds begin to show white roots.
**Sowing and Coverage**
In spring, leeks are often cultivated for commercial sale. The number of plants per acre is as important as their individual weight. Typically, 15–20 kg of sprouted seeds are scattered on the bed surface, lightly raked, covered with straw, and then watered. Plastic film is placed over small sheds and kept throughout the growing season to maintain warmth and moisture.
**Temperature Management**
Leeks are sensitive to cold and frost. Throughout the growth period, maintaining a consistent temperature above 15°C is crucial for healthy seedling development. As ambient temperatures rise, ensure the greenhouse doesn’t exceed 35°C. Increase ventilation gradually, especially when there’s a large temperature difference between inside and outside. Avoid sudden air exchanges to prevent plant stress, leaf wilting, or damage that could reduce market value. During cold or rainy weather, keep the greenhouse closed for insulation.
**Fertilizer Management**
Leeks grow quickly and require a lot of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and potassium. Apply nitrogen, potash, and foliar fertilizers regularly. After emergence, avoid heavy fertilization. Water and fertilize gradually, aiming to keep the air humid and the soil moist. As the temperature rises, increase both water and fertilizer supply accordingly.
**Pest and Disease Control**
Common pests include cutworms, diamondback moths, and leafworms, which can be managed with appropriate insecticides. Diseases like damping-off, stem rot, and white rust can be controlled using agricultural bactericides, zinc-based compounds, and natural mycotoxins. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential to maintain crop health.