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Fertilizers are primarily applied in the form of organic materials to improve soil aeration and enhance its insulation properties. When using organic fertilizers, it's important to combine them with fast-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. However, it's advisable to avoid applying nitrogen-based fertilizers before the cold season begins, as this can weaken the plants' resistance to low temperatures.
Cold damage in vegetables is often caused by wind, frost, dryness, and low temperatures. To protect seedlings before winter, materials like wheat straw, rice straw, and Corn stalks are commonly used to cover the plants. This helps reduce the impact of cold winds near the ground and allows frost to condense on the covering, releasing heat and minimizing frost damage. However, the amount of covering should be moderate—just a thin layer is sufficient. Overcovering can block sunlight and hinder plant growth. On average, 100–200 kg of material per mu (about 667 square meters) is recommended. Once spring arrives and the soil thaws, the covering should be removed promptly to prevent any negative effects on vegetable growth.
Under similar conditions, irrigation is more effective in dry soil compared to moist soil. Therefore, it's best to water the fields on sunny days before a cold snap occurs. This helps the soil retain moisture and store heat, reducing the risk of freezing damage. After the cold weather passes and temperatures rise, irrigation should be done only once the soil and vegetable roots have thawed, ensuring that the plants receive the necessary water for healthy growth. Winter irrigation should not be excessive, as too much water can lead to root rot or other issues.
To further protect crops from cold, wind barriers are installed on the northern side of the vegetable plots. These barriers, made from crop stalks or plastic sheets, should be about 1.2 to 1.5 meters high. They can be placed every 2 to 3 feet to create an effective shield against cold winds and help maintain warmth around the plants.
The roots of vegetables, especially those that are tender and newly established, are highly vulnerable to freezing. This can cause the entire plant to freeze and die. During mild weather in mid-December, applying approximately 1,500 kilograms of livestock and poultry manure per acre can provide additional protection. Mixing this manure into the soil between the ridges and around the roots enhances the antifreeze effect, helping the plants withstand colder temperatures more effectively.