Prevention of Fusarium Wilt Disease in Greenhouse
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Farmers have started utilizing the unused pillars of watermelon sheds to grow kidney beans, which can boost their income by over 1,000 yuan per mu. However, as years pass, the growth of kidney beans deteriorates compared to the first year, leading to a gradual decline in yield and the occurrence of seedling death. This is primarily caused by the continuous cropping problem, which leads to the outbreak of wilt disease. Below are the symptoms, characteristics, and control methods of cowpea wilt disease for farmers to refer to.
**Symptoms:**
In the early stages of infection, only the tips of the shoots show wilting and may recover later. The leaves develop irregular, water-soaked lesions, especially at the edges and tips. The stems near the soil surface turn brown, and the root cortex often cracks. The vascular tissue becomes brown, and under high humidity, a pink mold layer appears on the affected areas. Within a few days, the entire plant wilts. Symptoms typically do not appear during cold periods but become evident under high temperatures and humidity, especially during flowering and fruiting stages.
**Disease Conditions:**
Wilt disease is a soil-borne illness caused by pathogens that thrive best between 27°C and 30°C, with an upper limit of 40°C and a lower limit of 5°C. High soil moisture levels reduce the disease incidence, while low moisture increases it. Acidic soils are more prone to outbreaks. Continuous planting without crop rotation significantly increases the risk of disease.
**Prevention and Control Methods:**
- **Crop Rotation:** Rotate with non-legume crops for at least three years. Apply organic fertilizers that are free from pathogens and well-decomposed for better results.
- **Resistant Varieties:** Choose highly resistant varieties such as "Red-Billed Yan" to reduce the risk of infection.
- **Seed Treatment:** Soak seeds in 50% carbendazim WP (0.5% of seed weight) or 40% formaldehyde diluted 300 times for 4 hours, then rinse and sow.
- **Fertilizer and Water Management:** Apply balanced NPK fertilizers according to the plant's growth stage, avoiding excessive nitrogen. Water during cooler periods, using small amounts rather than flooding. Remove diseased leaves promptly and isolate severely infected plants for removal outside the field.
- **Foliar Spraying:** Use foliar fertilizers like urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and humic acid to enhance plant health and resistance.
- **Chemical Control:** The most effective method is root irrigation. In the early stages of the disease, apply 70% thiophanate-methyl WP diluted 800 times, 50% carbendazim WP at 500 times, 60% anti-mildew powder at 600 times, 70% dextroconazole wettable powder at 600–800 times, or 40% baclofen WP at 500–600 times. Irrigate each root with 250 ml of solution every 7–10 days.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage cowpea wilt disease and maintain sustainable production.