Industrial sheep breeding high-efficiency high-frequency breeding technology
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First, efficient breeding technology
1. When female lambs induce estrus in the current year, the ewes weigh more than 60% to 65% of the weight of adult ewes. When they are 7 months or older in age, they can be treated with reproductive hormones to allow the ewes to breed successfully. According to the characteristics of the young female ewes genital anatomy, the method of inducing estrus treatment can be vaginal implant sponge plug and oral progesterone + PMSG (for details, see the principles of estrus technology and technical regulations during the same period). In particular, the dose of PMSG should be strictly controlled below 400 ml to prevent production of twin lambs.
2. The optimization of estrus regulation hormone program and its supporting techniques are based on the characteristics of ewe's reproductive physiology, and it is very important to choose to implement effective estrus regulation techniques. At present, there are many domestic reports on estrus regulation of ewes, and the results in small-scale experimental studies are acceptable. However, in large-scale production, especially in the production of efficient sheep-raising production system, it has shown many drawbacks. Based on many years of experience, we have proposed a preferred technical solution and selected mature technologies that are safe, reliable, and highly repeatable.
From a theoretical and practical point of view, progestogen-PMSG should be the first choice. Progestogens are best used: Progesterone sponge plugs (MAP) in the breeding season, Frogone progesterone (FGA) in the non-breeding season, and vaginal sponge devices as the best form. For ewes not suitable for embedding, oral progesterone can also be used.
The injection time of PMSG should be performed 1 to 2 days before withdrawal, so as to eliminate the ovulation disorder caused by the sudden estrogen peak caused by withdrawal. This treatment scheme meets safety and reliability requirements. The first episode is not affected by the fetus, and the second and third episodes will normally appear. This will not affect the ultimate conception of the ewe.
The prostaglandin treatment has a poor effect on the ewes in the non-breeding season and can be divided into PMSGs to increase the conception rate. This technical solution will not have a negative impact on the next ewes.
Intramuscular injection of triad hormone, progesterone, or progesterone, although simple, but the effect is not reliable, especially after the treatment of the ewes can easily cause heat, but not ovulation; or after the first emotion estrus Regardless of whether the fetus is or not, there is recurrence of estrus, which ultimately results in a substantial proportion of ewes emptying. From a theoretical analysis, the use of a single injection of progesterone + estrogen preparations, can really cause eczema in ewe is estrogen, and most of the heat caused by estrogen alone is not accompanied by ovulation, but also for the ewe Endocrine causes longer negative feedback. At present, many sheep producers have seen the use of disposable injections or triple hormones as cheap and convenient ones. They are used as a technology in production, resulting in undue losses, and ultimately concluding that any estrus control technology Not reliable. These hormone products sold by the market are not designed for ewes, nor are they aimed at increasing the breeding rate of ewes. They are drugs used for human contraception, which are characterized by disturbing the fertilization environment without affecting the endocrine balance.
In the process of estrus regulation, especially when estrus is induced in non-breeding ewes, the normal mating of the three periods must be maintained. It is technically difficult to induce estrus in the non-breeding season of ewes, which is mainly limited by the reproductive physiology of the ewes during the postpartum period, and the ovary activity of the ewes at this time is very low. The focus of treatment should be to stimulate the ewe ovaries at higher doses. After a certain period of stimulation, sudden removal of progesterone and gonadotropins may cause most ewes to estrus and ovulate, even if the first affection is not a pregnancy. The second and third events that follow will also be affected. Therefore, it is necessary to insist on the normal breeding of the three emotional periods.
During the non-breeding season, the ewes must be treated with estrus. At the same time, attention must be paid to reproductive health treatment of rams. In the non-breeding season, the ewes of the ewe are in a relatively quiescent state. At this time, the rams are also relatively stationary in the testes. If the ram's reproductive health care technology is not used, the rams will also be treated accordingly. , ensure the ram's breeding ability, so the conception rate is also higher.
The ewes that regulate and deal with estrus must have good body condition and lyrics, otherwise it will affect the fertility rate of ewes. Non-breeding season or breeding season for estrus regulation of ewes must have more than 40 days weaning interval, breast-feeding will lead to increased secretion of prolactin in the anterior pituitary of the ewes, while causing increased secretion of opium in the hypothalamus, these two The role of the LH secretion and frequency is insufficient.
In the process of estrus control, supporting technologies should also be selected. Supporting technologies include supporting drugs, uniform procedures, optimization of artificial insemination techniques, first-time breeding time, determination of estrus estrus status, early pregnancy diagnosis, and compound management. Only by using supporting technologies can we guarantee the effectiveness of the treatment.
Make the technology most effective and lay the foundation for efficient production.
Second, the two-year or two-year production of high-frequency reproduction of high-frequency reproduction system, high-frequency reproduction, is the efficient production of sheep with the factory, especially the production of lamb and fat sheep and the rapid development of efficient production system. The guiding ideology of this production system is to use breeding and bioengineering techniques to break the seasonal breeding restrictions of ewes, estrus and breed throughout the year, balance production of lambs throughout the year, and make full use of forage resources so that each ew The weight of the carcass reached the highest value. The characteristics of an efficient production system are: maximizing the breeding and production potential of ewes, providing a balanced supply of fat lambs throughout the year according to market demand, shortening the capital turnover period, maximizing the utilization rate of sheep-raising facilities, increasing labor productivity, and reducing costs. For easy factory management.
1. The annual production system of one year and two productions can increase the annual reproductive rate of ewes by 90 to 100%. Under the premise of not increasing the investment in sheep pens, the productivity of the ewes can be doubled and the production efficiency can be increased by 40 to 50. %the above. The core technology of the two-year production system is estrus regulation of ewes, super early weaning of lambs, and early pregnancy inspections. In accordance with the requirements for the production of the second year of production, a well-planned production plan has been formulated, which integrates breeding, veterinary health care, and management to finally achieve the intended production target. From the analysis of existing experience, the production system is technically intensive and difficult, and as long as the standard procedure is followed, the goal of annual production can be achieved. The first production of the second year of production should be selected in December and the second production in July.
2. Two-year, three-year production system Three-year production in the second year is a production system put forward in the late 1950s. It is still in use today. To reach the third year of two years, the ewes must be lambs once in eight months. The production system generally has a fixed breeding and lambing plan: such as mating in May, lambing in October; mating in January and lambing in June; mating in September and lambing in February. Lambs are generally weaned at 2 months of age and the ewes are bred one month after weaning. In order to achieve a balanced lamb production throughout the year, the sheep were divided into 4 groups that were staggered at intervals of lambing in August and production was arranged every 2 months. So there will be a slaughter of lambs every 2 months. If the ewes lose their pregnancy in Group 1, they can participate in the next group after two months. By using this weight to organize production, the production efficiency is increased by 40% over the one-year production system. The core technology of this system is the multiple treatment of ewes, the regulation of estrus and the early weaning of lambs, and the enhancement of fattening.
3. The three-year four-production system The three-year four-production system was designed at the interval of 9 months between lambing and was first proposed by the American BELTSVILLE test station. This system is suitable for the multiple-eating ewes and is generally the first time after the delivery of the ewes. The breeding season is 4 months, and the later rounds are mated in the third month, ie lambing in January, April, June and October, and mating in May, August, November and the following February. In this way, the lambing interval of the entire group of ewes is 6 months and 9 months.
4. Three-Year Five-Year Production System The three-year five-yield production system, also known as the star-type lambing system, is a kind of lambing program all year round. It is from the University of Cornell University in the United States. Designed by BRAINMGEE. Sheep can be divided into 3 groups. At the beginning, the first group of ewes is lambing in the first period, the second period of breeding, the fourth period of lamb production, and the fifth period of breeding; the second group of ewes is lambing in the second period, and the third period of mating, the first The lambs are raised in the fifth period, and the first period is matched again. So again and again, the lambing interval is 7.2 months. For ewes with one lamb and one lamb, there will be 1.67 lambs in one year. If one lamb produces two lambs, 3.34 lambs will be obtained in one year.
5. HARPER System This system divides the ewes into two groups, mating date and fertility rate requirements, ewes litter size, herd annual production performance, and the Larper system's lambing interval and feeding methods under farm conditions.
6. Opportunity Lambing System This system is a production system designed according to the market. Organize production according to market forecasts and market prices. If the market is better, immediately organize an additional lamb production to minimize the number of empty ewes. This approach is suitable for individual sheep producers.
Third, the ewes' multiple fertility ewes are traits with obvious genetic characteristics. From an anatomical analysis, the ewes are double-horned uterus and are suitable for twins. From the production practice, many ewes can not only produce twin lambs, but can even produce 3 and 4 tires. Raising the lamb's lambing rate can greatly increase the economic benefits of production. Therefore, in sheep-raising countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, etc., the research on the production of twin lambs in ewes has been highly valued.
At present, there are mainly four methods used to increase the rate of doubling lambs: the first is to use gonadotropins, such as PMSG to induce ewes twins; the second is to use reproductive and immune technology; the third is to apply embryo transfer technology; The fourth is the use of nutritional regulation technology.
1. Gonadotropin Use this method more often for ewes with a single birth. Usually in the 12th to 13th day of the estrus cycle, one injection of PMSG 700 to 1000 mg, or progesterone treatment for 12 to 14 days, before the withdrawal of injection of PMSG 500 ml or more, one injection of HCG 200 to 300 ml. In the non-breeding season, the hormone dose needs to be increased. It has been reported that injection of 500 ml of PMSG can increase the lambing index of each ewes by 0.2 to 0.6. The disadvantage of PMSG treatment is that it cannot control the number of litters. When the dose is small, the effect of twins is not obvious. When the dose is large, there will be a considerable proportion of three or four births, which will affect the survival of lambs and sometimes cause ovarian cysts. .
The gonadotropin treatment can be combined with the estrus treatment in the same period, that is, the dose of gonadotropin is appropriately increased in the treatment at the same period, and the purpose of raising the tannin rate can be achieved.
The individual effects of gonadotropins directly on the sensitivity of ewes to hormonal response are sometimes uncertain. When selecting this type of protocol, a pretest must be performed. Reasonable doses and injection times should be determined due to variety and area. . 2. Reproductive immune technology Reproductive immune technology provides a new way to increase ewe's multiple birth. This technology uses reproductive technology as an antigen to actively vaccinate ewes and stimulate maternal production of technical antibodies, or passive immunization with prickle antibodies during the estrus cycle of ewes. This antibody then responds to endogenous hormones that are responded to in the ewes. Specific binding significantly changes the balance of endocrine and makes the new balance develop in the direction of prolificacy.
At present, the reproductive and immunological preparations developed by Shihezi University, Lanzhou Animal Husbandry Institute, and Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry include: Double-Lamb (testosterone antigen), twin-fetal vaccine (steroid antigen), prolific vaccine (inhibin antigen), and passive immunity. Antiserum and so on. The methods for the treatment of these antigens are almost the same, that is, after the first immunization for 20 days, a second booster immunization is performed, and the normal mating starts 20 days after the second immunization. It has been determined that the titer of antigen after immunization can last for more than 1 year.
3, embryo implantation of two fertilized eggs application of this technology can give estrus Embryo transplantation of two fine breeding stock embryos, not only can reach a child twin lamb, can also be passed through the common ewe breeding elite offspring, in the production of great Economic costs.
4. Nutrition regulation technology Nutrition regulation technology improves the ewes double-breasted rate, mainly including short-term superior feeding, supplementing Ve and VA preparations, supplementing white feather lentils, and supplementing mineral trace elements before mating. Practice confirmed that these measures can be implemented. Raise the breeding rate of ewes.
According to local production conditions, the use of nutrients before and after the breeding of ewes to control and increase the short-term investment, can achieve a multiplier effect. Under normal circumstances, this treatment will increase the live weight of the ewes by 3 to 5 kilograms in the short-term before mating, which can increase the ram's double lamb rate by 5 to 10%. After the start of breeding, normal feeding was resumed. Analyzed from the economic benefits, it will not increase production costs, and the investment is just right.
For ewes treated with genital immunity, VE and VA supplements supplemented by 20 days before mating can significantly improve the efficacy of immunization.