Infectious diseases can lead to significant seedling mortality in a short period, causing substantial losses for farmers. Common seedling diseases include damping-off, blight, leaf spot, and anthrax. To manage these issues effectively, several integrated control measures are recommended.
Choose the Right Location
When selecting a nursery site, opt for light, loamy soil or sandy loam with good water supply and high groundwater levels. It's important to implement a crop rotation system and avoid planting the same species in the same area repeatedly.
Soil Disinfection
Before planting, it is crucial to disinfect the nursery soil. Here are four common methods:
1. Formalin Disinfection: Apply 50 ml of formalin per square meter mixed with 10 liters of water, evenly spray the surface, then cover with plastic film or straw bags. Leave it sealed for about 10 days, then open and let the gas dissipate before sowing two days later.
2. Carbendazim Disinfection: Use 50% wettable powder at 1.5 grams per square meter. Alternatively, mix it in a 1:20 ratio and apply it to the seedbeds. This helps prevent various seedling diseases.
3. Quintozene Nitrobenzene Disinfection: Mix 4 grams of 75% pentachloronitrobenzene and 5 grams of zinc oxide with 12 kg of fine soil per square meter. This mixture is effective against anthrax, blight, damping-off, and sclerotinia.
4. Ferrous Sulfate Disinfection: Treat the soil with a 3% ferrous sulfate solution at 0.5 kg per square meter. This prevents diseases such as coniferous seedling blight, peach and plum leaf curl, and iron deficiency chlorosis. It’s best to deeply till the soil in winter and turn it over the following year.
Seed Treatment
Before sowing, treat seeds to eliminate weak or diseased ones. Soak seeds in a 0.3% to 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes to an hour, or in 50°C warm water for 24 hours. Then remove floating seeds using a 0.2% salt solution. You can also soak them in formalin for 30 minutes followed by 2 hours of suffocation. Another option is soaking in 0.5% to 1% copper sulfate for 1–2 hours, then rinsing and drying before sowing. Be careful not to bury the seeds too deep, so that they can germinate easily.
Chemical Control
From the seedling stage, spray the seedbeds every 7 to 10 days with a 0.5% to 1% Bordeaux mixture at 50–75 kg per acre. This forms a protective layer on the plants, preventing bacterial infections. Proper fertilization is also essential—use well-rotted manure, compost, and garbage, which should be fully fermented before application. If disease appears, remove affected seedlings immediately and sprinkle lime powder around them to prevent spread. Apply pesticides every 10–15 days, using 500–800 times diluted acetoxone at 100 kg per acre, or 65% zineb at 300–800 times dilution. You can also use a 1:100 methanamine soil mix or a 8:2 blend of lime ash powder. Copper ammonium solution can also be used for treatment.
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In terms of design, pellet ovens usually use advanced temperature control systems and automatic feeding mechanisms, which can accurately control the cooking temperature, and continuously and stably supply fuel without manual frequent addition, greatly simplifying the operation process and improving the convenience of cooking. Its wide grill net and adjustable grill design make it easy to handle barbecue, grilled fish, grilled vegetables, baked bread, pizza and other delicacies to meet different tastes and cooking needs.
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