Drought damage is a type of meteorological disaster caused by insufficient soil moisture, which can significantly impact crop yield and quality. According to reports, rice at the booting stage suffering from drought can lead to a 47% reduction in production. During the heading stage, drought can reduce yield by 14% to 33%, while prolonged drought during the grain-filling period may result in a 23% decrease in yield.
(a) Symptoms:
When rice plants are affected by drought, the first sign is that the tips of the leaves wilt during midday and usually recover by early evening. However, if the water shortage persists, the wilting becomes permanent, and the leaves start to curl and dry out from the edges. In severe cases, the entire plant turns dark and eventually dies. During the tillering stage, drought-stressed rice plants often develop fewer tillers, have shorter stems, delayed flowering, and irregular heading. Drought during the booting to heading stages can result in poor panicle development, with many panicles remaining incomplete or partially formed. This condition is commonly referred to as "daylight panicles."
(b) Causes:
The primary cause of drought damage is a lack of soil moisture. When the soil has adequate water, the balance between root water uptake and leaf transpiration is maintained. However, when soil moisture decreases, this balance is disrupted, leading to leaf wilting and, in severe cases, plant death. When soil moisture drops to 30% of field capacity, leaves begin to wilt; at 20%, the leaves become needle-like and start drying from the tips. The most vulnerable periods for rice are the booting, heading, and milk-filling stages. Drought during the booting stage can impair pollen development and affect fertilization. At heading and flowering, drought can hinder pollination, resulting in white or empty panicles. During the filling stage, insufficient irrigation leads to poor grain filling, increased chalkiness, and reduced grain weight.
In addition, drought stress can make rice more susceptible to diseases such as rice blast and leaf spot, especially during the booting and heading stages.
(c) Prevention and Remedial Measures:
1. Select rice varieties with strong drought resistance. Deep-rooted and well-developed varieties tend to be more resilient to water shortages.
2. In areas prone to drought, use dryland seedling techniques. These seedlings develop stronger roots and better drought tolerance.
3. When transplanting, if the soil is still moist, dig small holes for planting and then irrigate to help the roots establish quickly. If a large area is affected, temporarily transport seedlings to the field and transplant them after rain.
4. After transplanting, if drought occurs, loosen the topsoil and cover the spaces between rice plants with straw or leaves to reduce evaporation. Ensure proper irrigation during critical growth stages like booting and heading. During the tillering stage, which is more drought-tolerant, manage water use efficiently and implement water-saving irrigation practices.
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