Feeding and Management of Dairy Cows During Probiotics
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The feeding and management of the lactation period is of utmost importance as it relates to milk production and bovine health throughout the lactation period. Its purpose is to guide the rise of milk production from raising, not only milk volume rises quickly, but also the peak period of lactation is long and stable, so as to maximize the potential of lactation.
After the birth of cows, with the recovery of constitution, the amount of milk production increases day by day. In order to exert its maximum lactation potential, it is generally possible to start about 15 days after birth and adopt “prepaid†feeding methods. Feed "prepay" means that according to the amount of milk produced, the feed should be given in addition to the feed standard, and an additional 1 to 2 kg of concentrate should be provided to meet the need for further increase in milk production. After the “prepaid†feed is fed during the lactation period, the cow’s milk production also increases. If the milk production within 10 days increases, it must continue to "prepay" until the milk production no longer increases before it stops "prepayment." At present, on the basis of “prepayment†in the past, there has been new progress in research, namely, the development of a “guided breeding†law. The "guided rearing" method should be started from the pre-perinatal period, that is, 2 weeks before delivery, until the highest peak of lactation after calving, feeding high-energy diets to reduce the incidence of ketoemia and help maintain body weight. And increase milk production purposes. The principle is to feed as much fine material as possible and feed less raw material under scientific feeding conditions. That is, starting from the first 2 weeks before the calving, about 1.8 kg of the concentrate is fed in one day, and then 0.45 kg is added every day until the cow can eat 1.0 to 1.5 kg of the concentrate per lOO kg of body weight. After the calving of cows, 0.45 kg of fines per day is still added until the peak of lactation. After the peak period of lactation is over, the amount of concentrate feed is adjusted according to milk production, milk fat percentage, and body weight. During the entire “guided†feeding period, it is necessary to ensure the provision of quality forages, allowing them to freely feed and provide sufficient drinking water to reduce cow digestive diseases. With the "guided" rearing method, most cows will have new peaks in milk production, and the trend of increasing production can last throughout the lactation period, thus increasing the milk yield during the whole lactation period. However, it is not suitable for people with subclinical mastitis or after treatment.
The period of lactation is the most difficult stage to raise, because the lactation is at its peak, and the feed intake of the cow does not reach the peak, causing the nutrient to make up the negative balance and cause the cow to suddenly lose weight. Less. According to reports, body fat consumed at this time can provide more than 1 000 kg of milk. If too much fat is used in the body for lactation, in the case of insufficient sugar and impaired glucose metabolism, incomplete oxidation of fat results in an outbreak of ketosis. Show loss of appetite, milk production plummeted, if not treated in time, damage to the body of cattle. Therefore, high energy feeds such as corn, molasses, etc. must be fed during the prolific lactation period, and the cows should maintain a good appetite, eat as much dry matter as possible, and feed more concentrates, but they are not fed indefinitely. It is generally believed that the feed amount of fine material is not more than 15kg, and when the fine material accounts for 65% of the total dry matter, it may cause ruminal acidosis, digestive disorders, fourth gastric transposition, ovarian incompetence, and non-estrus. At this point, NaHCO 3 100-150g, MgO 250g should be added to the diet, fed with the human concentrate, which can buffer the pH of the rumen. In order to make up for the lack of energy and to avoid excessive use of fine material, the method of adding animal and vegetable oils can be used. For example, 3% to 5% of protective fat may be added to pass through the rumen to the small intestine for digestion and absorption, so as to prevent the lack of energy in the diet, and excessive use of body fat may cause blood accumulation of ketone bodies to cause acidosis.
In order to enable the cows in the high lactation period to be able to supply milk, in addition to meeting their high energy needs, the provision of protein is also very important. If the protein is insufficient, the balance of the whole diet and the utilization of roughage will be affected. Affect milk production. However, it is not the case that the higher the dietary protein content, the better. In individual dairy farms in soybean producing areas, the proportion of bean cake in the mixed concentrate is as high as 50% to 60%, resulting in an outbreak of ketosis in the herds. It is a waste of protein, but also affect the health of cattle. Practice has proved that the protein can be given according to the standard of feeding and cannot be arbitrarily increased. Studies have shown that high-yielding cattle are best fed with high-energy, protein-friendly diets. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that feeding through the rumen protein is particularly effective in increasing yield. According to the study, the amount of rumen protein in the diet needs to account for 48% of total dietary protein. It is known that the following feedstuffs have a high content of rumen protein: blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, corn, gluten meal, and brewer's grains, lees, etc. These feeds should be fed with methionine as much as possible to increase yield.
The need for calcium and phosphorus minerals must be met during the progesterogenic period. The calcium content in the diet should be increased to 0,6% to 0.8% of total dry matter, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be 1.5 to 2: 1 is appropriate. The best quality roughage should be provided in the diet. The amount of dry feed should be at least 1% of the body weight of the cow in order to maintain the normal digestive function of the rumen. Winter can also be fed juicy feed, such as carrots, beets, etc., can feed 15kg per day. Daily intake of 50 000 IU of vitamin A, vitamin D 36 0001U, vitamin E 1 000 IU, or ß-carotene 300 mg per day helps the recovery of ovarian function after high-yield cattle delivery, significantly improves the conception rate of the cows and shortens the parity interval.
In feeding, attention should be paid to alternating feeds of concentrates and coarse materials in order to maintain a high appetite for high-yield cattle and to eat the feed quota. Under the high-concentrate feeding, the number of feedings of the concentrates should be appropriately increased, that is, by using a small number of methods, the activity environment of the rumen microflora can be improved, and the incidence of digestive disorders, ketoemia, and postpartum paralysis can be reduced. From the physiological point of view of cattle, the feeding of cereals should not be crushed too fine, because when the cattle eat too much powdery grain, it is rapidly decomposed by the microorganisms to produce acid in the rumen, which reduces the pH in the rumen to below 6. At this time, the digestion of cellulolytic bacteria is inhibited. Therefore, it is advisable that the grain should be processed into crushed or compressed pieces.
According to relevant regulations, dry matter during the lactation period accounts for 3.5% of dry matter weight, NND 2.4 per kg of dry matter, CP16% to 18%, Ca0.7%, P0.45%, crude fiber not less than 15 %, rough ratio 60:40. It is especially important for the nursing of breasts and milking work during the procreative period of lactation. Such as milking, improper care, this time prone to mastitis. To properly increase the number of milking, strengthen the breast hot massage, each milking should try not to leave residual milk, milking operations to deal with the nipple disinfection, available 3% sodium hypochlorite dip a soaked nipple to reduce breast infection. For dairy cows with a daily output of more than 40kg, if they are milked by hand, a double milking method can be used to increase milk production. The cattle bed should be covered with clean soft grass to facilitate the cow's rest and protect the breasts.
To strengthen the management of drinking water, in order to promote more water for cows, the temperature of winter drinking water should not be lower than 16 °C; drink cool water or ice water in the summer to facilitate cooling, keep appetite and stabilize milk.
To strengthen the observation of the effects of feeding, mainly from the body condition, milk yield and reproductive performance of the three major aspects of inspection. If problems are found, diets should be adjusted in time.
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