Soilless culture technology
1. The characteristics of soilless culture The flowerless soilless cultivation means hydroponic cultivation. Instead of using soil, it uses nutrient solution to cultivate flowering plants. Most hydroponic plants use fixed plants to increase air content, and sand, gravel and peat are used. As a solid matrix of vermiculite, perlite, pumice, fiberglass, rock wool, bark or sawdust, and other nutrients needed for plant growth, it is also known as Shapei, gravel culture, peat culture, and pebble culture. , pearlite cultivation, pumice cultivation, sawdust cultivation. Soilless cultivation can eliminate the use of soil, so it has expanded the planting of flowers, such as deserts and rocky mountains, where windowsills, balconies, and roofs can be cultivated. If the roof is cultured without soil, the room temperature can also be reduced by 2-3 degrees in the summer.
Goji, goji
berry, or wolfberry is the fruit of either the name of
Lycium or barbarum , two closely related species of boxthorn in
the nightshade family, Solanaceae.
The majority of
commercially produced goji comes from Ningxia and Xinjiang in Northwestern
China, where they are grown on plantations totaling 200,000 acres. In Zhongning County, Ningxia, wolfberry
plantations typically range between 40 and 400 hectares in area. Ningxia goji has been cultivated
along the fertile floodplains of the Yellow River for more than 700 years and have
earned a reputation throughout Asia for premium quality sometimes described
commercially as "red diamonds". Government releases of annual
wolfberry production, premium fruit grades, and export are based on yields from
Ningxia, the region recognized with-
·
the largest annual harvest in
China, accounting for 45% of the nation's total yield of wolfberries (50,000
tons, 2013)
·
formation of an industrial
association of growers, processors, marketers, and scholars of wolfberry
cultivation to promote the berry's commercial and export potential
·
the nation's only source of
superior grade wolfberries used by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine.
Goji Berry Non-Gmo,No Pesticide Goji Berry,Nutrition Goji Berry,Goji Fruit Ningxia Toyo Trade Co.,Ltd , http://www.toyogoji.com
Soilless cultivation also has the advantage of saving water and fertilizers. Because of the loss of moisture in soil cultivation, water consumption is about 7 times larger than in soilless cultivation, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients are also easily fixed by soil. It is estimated that the loss of general nutrients is more than half, and soilless cultivation The loss is minimal, especially in closed cultivation, with little loss. Soilless cultivation of flowers, no weeds, no pests, clean and sanitary, easy to transport, sales, is also a good place for furnishings, due to leave the soil, so you can greatly reduce the amount of labor.
Soilless cultivation of flowers due to good ventilation, adequate nutritional balance, growth and development of flower plants, and soil cultivation than its high yield and good quality. If the soilless cultivation of carnation is 2 months earlier than the soil planting, 4 flowers per plant will be opened, and the aroma will be rich, the flowering period will be long, and the quality of the top grade will be high. Soilless potted plants, compared with the soil planting, are obviously robust, orderly, green and dark in color, with large and large flowers, bright color and long flowering period.
2. Types of soilless cultivation Soilless cultivation varies according to the type of substrate used:
Shapei method: It uses sand, perlite, plastic or other inorganic substances with a diameter of less than 3mm as a substrate, and then adds a nutrient solution to cultivate flower plants. The gravel culture method uses a mixture of gravel, basalt, lava, plastic or other substances with a diameter of less than 3 mm as a substrate and a nutrient solution to cultivate flower plants.
Hydroponics: It is the earliest method used in soilless cultivation. It is a cultivation method in which the root of a flower is continuously or discontinuously immersed in a nutrient solution. The nutrient solution flowed in the cultivation tank to increase the air content. Usually have 10-15 cm deep nutrient solution.
Sawdust: Medium sawn sawdust or fine sawdust with an appropriate proportion of shavings. Sawdust with yellow fir and hemlock is good, and some cypress sawdust is poisonous and cannot be used. The cultivation beds can be constructed of coarse cedar plates, with inner black polyethylene film as the lining, a bed width of about 60 cm, a depth of about 25-30 cm, and drainage pipes on the bed. Sawdust can also be used in film bags with sawdust, with drainage holes at the bottom, and 1-3 flower plants can be grown depending on the size of the bag. Sawdust cultivation generally uses drip irrigation to supply plant moisture and nutrients.
Spray culture method: The root of the flower crop is hung in the air of the cultivation tank, and the root nutrition and moisture are supplied by spraying. In this way, nutrition and moisture can be greatly saved, and at the same time, the oxygen supply of the root system is good, which favors the development of the root system. However, the requirements for spraying are high and the fog must be fine and uniform. In addition, the temperature of the root system is affected by the temperature and it is difficult to control.
3, soilless cultivation of nutrient solution preparation Soilless cultivation of flowers, rely on artificial supply of nutrients, which requires the preparation of artificial nutrition solution. Different kinds of flowers have different requirements for the concentration of nutrient solution. Therefore, they should be mastered according to the type of flowers.
When preparing, first look at the trademarks and descriptions of various pharmaceuticals, and carefully check their chemical names and molecular formulas to understand their purity and whether they contain crystal water. All kinds of drugs should be accurately weighed. When the salts are deepened, water must be added first, and trace elements must be dissolved first to dissolve a large number of elements.
4, soilless cultivation of the operation and management of soilless cultivation of the choice of matrix, local conditions can be local, local materials. The matrix is ​​more water-retaining, and the smaller the particles are, the larger the surface area and porosity are, and the better the water retention is, but the superfine material should be avoided as the matrix, otherwise the water retention can cause oxygen deficiency. The matrix can not contain harmful substances, if any, sawdust is stored in seawater for a long time, contains a lot of sodium chloride, must be used after pouring fresh water. The sand and gravel of limestone (limestone) contains a large amount of calcium carbonate, which will cause the pH of the nutrient solution to rise, causing iron precipitation and affecting plant absorption. Therefore, only igneous rock (volcanic) gravel and sand are suitable as a matrix. The choice of substrate is also related to the type of soilless cultivation. The gravel system under drainage can be made of very coarse material, while drip-irrigated gravel system must use fine material.
The long-term use of substrates for soilless cultivation, especially continuous cropping, will cause the growth of germs. Therefore, the substrates should be disinfected after each planting in order to be reused. Steam sterilization is more economical, and steam pipes can be carried into the cultivation bed. Steam in sawdust can reach a depth of 80 cm. A mixture of sand and sawdust is a 3:1 mixture. Vapor can enter 10 cm deep. Disinfectant, formaldehyde is a good fungicide, 1 litre of formaldehyde (40% concentration) can add 50 liters of water, applied to the base for the amount of 20-40 liters per square meter, and then covered with plastic film for 24 hours, in The substrate was allowed to air dry for about 2 weeks before planting. The 1% concentration of bleaching powder is also effective in gravel culture. The cultivation bed is immersed for half an hour, and then rinsed with fresh water to eliminate chlorine.
The pH of the nutrient solution directly affects the state, transformation and effectiveness of the nutrient, and also affects the growth of the flower plant. The pH required for flower growth varies from species to species, usually between 5.5-6.5. In management, the pH can be measured using test paper. If the pH is high, correct amount of sulfuric acid can be added. If it is low, correct amount of sodium hydroxide can be added.
In hydroponic culture, flower plants absorb oxygen from the nutrient solution, and the main source of oxygen is through the free fall of nutrient solution from high places to bring in oxygen. For this purpose, irrigation is performed 5-6 times a day, using porous substances as a matrix. Can reduce the number of irrigation. At the seedling stage, pores between the nutrient solution and the planting bed should be maintained at 2-3 cm to facilitate young roots to enter the nutrient solution. In addition, if there are conditions, the temperature of the nutrient solution should be controlled according to the different requirements of different flowers, because the root temperature has a greater effect on the growth and development of the flowers.
5. Judgment of nutritional deficiencies in soilless cultivation If there is a lack of certain nutrient elements in the soilless cultivation of flower plants, physiological barriers will occur, affecting growth, development and flowering, and even causing death. Therefore, timely diagnosis should be made, and effective measures should be taken to timely adjust nutrient solution.
Nitrogen deficiency: Slow growth of plants, yellow leaves, and severe leaf shedding. Phosphorus deficiency, often abnormal dark green, sometimes gray spots or purple spots, delayed maturity.
Potassium Deficiency: Leaves of dicotyledonous plants begin to have a bit of greenishness, followed by scattered dark necrotic spots; monocotyledonous plants, the tip and border cells of the leaves are necrotic and then spread downward.
Calcium deficiency: Significantly inhibited the development of buds and caused root tip necrosis. Plants were dwarfed with dark wrinkled leaves.
Magnesium deficiency: Occurrence of chlorosis between the veins of the old leaves, flowering late, and shallow spots, later turning white, and finally brown.
Iron deficiency: There are obvious chlorosis symptoms between veins, which become severely burning, similar to magnesium deficiency, and often occur on tenderer leaves.
Chlorine deficiency: The leaves wilted first, then became greenish and necrotic, and eventually became bronze.
Boron deficiency: It causes physiological disorders and shows various symptoms, but most of them are the death of the apical meristem of stems and roots.
When these nutritional deficiencies appear, they should also be carefully investigated. Some of them are not necessarily due to nutritional deficiencies, which may be caused by inappropriate pH, or due to the lack of several elements at the same time. Be sure to clarify the situation and prescribe the right medicine.