Science's latest decryption: What is the difference between the human brain and the monkey brain?
Release date: 2017-11-27 An analysis published in Science on November 23 showed that the human brain is not only a larger version of the ancestral primate brain, but also full and distinct, compared to the molecules and cells in the brain tissue of chimpanzees and macaques. The difference. The most significant differences between humans and other primates are found in the brain. The brain is the main organ that gives our species a specific attribute. However, a new study led by Yale University has transcribed a transcriptome for 16 regions of the adult, chimpanzee and macaque brains. Single-cell transcriptome data reveal differences in gene expression of species in global, local, and specific cell types of primate brains. The study found that all regions of the human brain have molecular features that are very similar to our primate relatives, but some regions contain significant patterns of human gene activity. This marks the evolution of the brain and may contribute to our cognitive ability. The first author, Andre MM Sousa, said, “Our brain is three times larger and has more cells, so the ability to handle things is stronger than chimpanzees or monkeys. However, different species also play a role in the function of individual cells and the formation of intercellular connections. There are obvious differences." Despite the different brain sizes, the researchers found that primates have striking similarities in gene expression in 16 regions of the brain, even in the prefrontal cortex, a high-level learning place that distinguishes humans from other apes. However, this study shows that the brain region with the most human-specific gene expression characteristics is the striatum, a region related to exercise. Even in the cerebellum, one of the oldest areas of evolution in the brain, and most likely to share similarities among species, there are also significant differences. The researchers discovered that a gene, ZP2, is active in the cerebellum of humans alone. The researchers said it was surprising because the gene has been identified to be related to the selection of sperm in human eggs. The researchers also focused on a gene, TH, which is involved in the production of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is essential for higher-order functions. People with Parkinson's disease have problems with this gene. They found that TH is abundantly expressed in human neocortex and striatum, but not in the cerebral cortex of chimpanzees. Sousa said: "The expression of this gene in the neocortex may be lost in the common ancestor and reappear in the human lineage." The researchers also found that genes associated with autism spectrum disorders were more expressed in the human prefrontal cortex than other primates. Source: Bio-Exploration
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
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