Main factors that cause immune suppression in pigs

Biological pathogenic factors include viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasma.

Viral factors: There are many viral factors that can cause immune suppression in pigs, such as blue-ear virus, swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type II, swine influenza virus, pseudorabies virus, and porcine parvovirus.

Bacterial factors: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, etc.

Parasitic factors: mainly toxoplasma and pig Eperythrozoon.

Toxin poisoning factors Various toxins produced by fungi (aflatoxins, zearalenone, T-2 toxins, vomitoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, etc.) can not only cause degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, but also can dissolve lymphocytes. The humoral and cellular immune regulatory functions are inhibited, and cell division and protein synthesis are inhibited, affecting the replication of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), reducing the immune response, etc., so that the pig's resistance to disease is low, resulting in the sows are not Pregnancy, breeding ability of breeding boar, digestive dysfunction, piglets grow slowly, induced a variety of diseases.

Under stress conditions such as overheating, undercooling, crowding, weaning, mixed grouping, and transportation stress factors, abnormal metabolic products are produced in pigs, and the levels of certain hormones (steroids) are also greatly increased. They affect the activity of lymphocytes. Causes significant immunosuppression.

Nutritional Factors Certain vitamins (vitamin B, vitamin C, etc.) and trace elements (copper, iron, zinc, selenium, etc.) are essential for the development of immune organs, lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, receptor expression, activation, and synthesis of antibodies and complements. Substances, if they are absent or excessive or improperly coordinated between components, will inevitably induce secondary immunodeficiency in the body.

Pharmacological studies have shown that streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, glucocorticoids, and other drugs have inhibitory effects on the formation of antibodies in animals, or have a significant inhibitory effect on the transformation of T and B lymphocytes. , thereby affecting the immune effect. Sulfonamides and pararenal corticosteroids can also cause short-term immunosuppression, which can be restored after discontinuation of use in small amounts, and can cause serious consequences if used for long periods of time.

Vaccine factors do not use vaccines according to scientific immunization procedures. Vaccine immunization doses are insufficient or excessive, or vaccine immunizations are excessive. This can cause immune palsy in pigs and lead to immunosuppression. Moreover, some vaccine adjuvants can also induce immunosuppression. After testing, in the early stage of circovirus type II infection (21 days), all vaccine adjuvants will aggravate the severity of the lymphoid tissue defect caused by this virus infection; and 35 days after infection, the water-in-oil adjuvant can still be added to the disease. The degree of damage.

An automated analyser is a medical laboratory instrument designed to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance. These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease.

Photometry is the most common method for testing the amount of a specific analyte in a sample. In this technique, the sample undergoes a reaction to produce a color, and then a photometer measures the absorbance of the sample to indirectly measure the concentration of analyte present in the sample. The use of an Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) is another common analytical method that specifically measures the ions present in the sample.[1]

Many methods of introducing samples into the analyser have been invented. This can involve placing test tubes of sample into racks, which can be moved along a track, or inserting tubes into circular carousels that rotate to make the sample available. Some analysers require samples to be transferred to sample cups. However, the effort to protect the health and safety of laboratory staff has prompted many manufacturers to develop analysers that feature closed tube sampling, preventing workers from direct exposure to samples.[2][3] Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously.

The automation of laboratory testing does not remove the need for human expertise (results must still be evaluated by medical technologists and other qualified clinical laboratory professionals), but it does ease concerns about error reduction, staffing concerns, and safety.

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