Advantages and disadvantages of pig breeding technology
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The "Fermented Bed Pig Raising Technology" is a modern and innovative pig farming method that has gained popularity in recent years, especially after being introduced from Japan and South Korea. This technology is praised for its environmental benefits, such as zero emissions, improved pig immunity, and reduced disease occurrence, making it an eco-friendly and efficient system. However, despite its advantages, the technology still faces some challenges during practical implementation. Not all farmers have achieved the desired results, and there are ongoing debates about the pros and cons of using fermentation beds in pig farming.
Fermentation Technology in Pig Farming
Cheng Jingen, deputy director of the Animal Husbandry Department under the Ministry of Agriculture, emphasizes that China's pig farming industry is transitioning from traditional free-range methods to large-scale operations. This shift has led to serious environmental pollution problems. The fermented bed system, which offers “no odor†and “no pollution,†addresses these issues effectively. The Ministry of Agriculture is currently developing operating guidelines that include pig house design, litter preparation, and feeding procedures. Based on successful pilot projects in various provinces, the technology is expected to be promoted nationwide. In our province, hundreds of farms have already adopted this method, and it is now widely distributed across different cities. Both the Science and Technology Bureau of Tangshan and Xingtai have included this technology as a key demonstration project in 2009.
Advantages of Fermented Bed Pig Raising
1. **Cost Reduction and Increased Efficiency**
Pigs raised in fermented beds do not require water flushing, only access to clean drinking water, saving up to 85-90% of water compared to traditional systems. Beneficial microorganisms in the litter improve gut health, increasing feed conversion efficiency and reducing feed costs. Farmers only need to monitor and mix the manure regularly, which reduces labor by 50% compared to conventional farms, allowing one worker to manage up to 800 pigs.
2. **Disease Prevention and Improved Environment**
Beneficial bacteria in the litter help establish a healthy microbial balance, suppressing harmful pathogens and reducing disease incidence. Pigs regain natural behaviors like rooting and wallowing, which lowers stress levels. The proteins produced through fermentation enhance immunity, leading to fewer cases of respiratory and digestive diseases. The three-dimensional system of pigs, litter, and microbes eliminates waste and prevents pathogen spread, resulting in zero pollution and reduced antibiotic use—key for managing complex swine diseases in China.
3. **Enhanced Pork Quality**
As consumer demand for high-quality pork rises, the fermented bed system has proven effective. Tests by the Beijing Puni Testing Center showed that pigs raised in this system had better meat texture, with increased slaughter rates and lean meat ratios by 2-5%. Nutrient content in meat, such as amino acids, was also higher by 10-15%, leading to a premium price for fermented bed pork in some regions.
4. **Environmental Protection and Zero Emissions**
The excrement in the fermentation bed is broken down by beneficial microorganisms, eliminating odors and reducing ammonia levels. No water is needed for cleaning, and the litter can be reused as organic fertilizer after three years. This method improves hygiene and working conditions for both pigs and farmers, achieving zero discharge and a cleaner environment.
Challenges in Fermented Bed Systems
1. **Seasonal Issues**
In summer, the temperature inside the piggery may become too high, affecting pig growth. Solutions include improving ventilation or installing mechanical cooling systems. In winter, excessive humidity can occur due to limited airflow. Installing passive vents and regular ventilation helps maintain optimal conditions.
2. **Disinfection and Disease Control**
Some farmers avoid disinfecting the beds out of fear of harming beneficial microbes. Studies show that while disinfectants kill bacteria temporarily, they recover within 48 hours. The fermentation process itself has sterilizing properties, with internal temperatures reaching 50°C to destroy pathogens. Regular turning and management ensure long-term effectiveness without heavy chemical use.
3. **Litter Cost and Availability**
High prices for materials like sawdust and rice husk in Hebei increase the cost of litter. Local resources such as corn cobs, peanut shells, and cotton stalks can be used as alternatives. Proper mixing of water-retentive and permeable materials ensures optimal performance. Some manufacturers also offer recovery services for used litter.
4. **Maintenance Effort**
Daily turning and monitoring are necessary to prevent hardening and improper decomposition. A balanced ratio of materials (usually 1:1) is essential. Overuse of certain components can reduce effectiveness, so careful management is required.
5. **Litter Longevity**
Theoretical lifespan of the litter is around 4 years, but in practice, it often lasts 2-3 years. Factors like proper fermentation, strain quality, and maintenance significantly affect longevity. Regular checks and adjustments help extend the life of the bed.
Key Elements for Successful Application
1. **Proper Construction**
A well-designed piggery is crucial. It should be adapted to local climate and resource availability. For example, in Hebei, underground or semi-underground beds are common, with varying depths depending on the type of pig. Choosing appropriate construction materials based on farm scale and budget ensures long-term efficiency.
2. **Quality Strains**
Selecting certified bacterial strains from the Ministry of Agriculture is vital. These strains determine the success of the system, influencing both performance and durability.
3. **Comprehensive Service Support**
From planning to daily maintenance, reliable service providers play a key role. A full-service approach, including training and regular support, ensures the technology functions efficiently over time.
Overall, the fermented bed pig raising method represents a sustainable and forward-thinking approach to modern agriculture, offering numerous benefits when properly implemented.