Peony, a plant with a long history of cultivation in China, is not only one of the traditional flowers but also holds deep cultural significance. Known for its adaptability, ease of management, and wide variety of colors and flower shapes, it is often used in gardens, flower beds, or natural landscapes. Chinese garden design frequently integrates peonies with rocks and hills, enhancing their visual appeal and creating a harmonious aesthetic. The peony typically grows to a height of 60–120 cm, featuring compound leaves that are pinnate, usually with three deeply lobed leaflets. The leaves are oval, narrow-ovate, or lanceolate in shape, with a green color and nearly smooth surface. The flowers appear at the top of the stem, supported by long pedicels and accompanied by leafy bracts. The flowers come in various colors—purple, pink, yellow, white, or even light green—with a diameter ranging from 13 to 18 cm. They may have single or double petals, with 5–10 layers, and contain 3–5 free carpels. The stamens are numerous, and the seeds are spherical, black, and multi-seeded. Flowering occurs between April and May, depending on the region and variety, while the fruit matures from August to September. In terms of growth habits, the peony is highly cold-tolerant and can survive winter conditions in northern regions. In Beijing, it typically begins to sprout at the end of March to early April, with buds appearing in early April. By late October to early November, the above-ground parts die back, leaving behind 1–3 mixed shoots at the base of the underground stems, which prepare the plant for the next season's growth and flowering. It thrives in loamy or sandy loam soils with good drainage, as poor drainage can lead to root rot. Peonies do not perform well in saline or low-lying areas. They prefer sunny locations, though they can still flower well in partial shade. Pest and disease control is essential for healthy peony growth. One common issue is Paeonia leaf spot, which causes dark brown spots on the leaves that expand into rosy-like patterns, eventually leading to leaf wilting. This occurs between June and September, and can be managed by spraying a 500-fold solution of zineb after June. Another problem is Paeonia cinerea, characterized by dark brown spots near the base of the stems, which spread upward, causing the plant to wither. Ants and bees act as carriers of this disease. Control measures include removing and burning infected parts, applying Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur in spring, and dipping roots in 1% copper sulfate during transplanting. Additionally, using an active cresol solution helps eliminate ants and prevent disease spread. Peony ring spot mosaic disease is caused by a virus, resulting in light green bands or irregular markings on the leaves in early stages, which turn into yellow spots or rings in autumn. This disease is transmitted by aphids. To manage it, diseased leaves should be removed and burned, and aphids can be controlled by spraying a 1000–2000 times dilution of ratan or applying E1059 at 100–200 times concentration around the base of the plant. These treatments are most effective during the growing season. With proper care and attention, peonies can thrive and bring beauty and elegance to any garden. (School of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Zhao Fengxia)

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