Stevia, known as *Stevia rebaudiana* in Latin, is a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is commonly referred to as "sweet leaf" due to its naturally sweet compounds found in its leaves. The plant was first introduced to China in the early 1980s and has since become an important source of natural sweeteners. Stevia contains various glycosides such as stevioside, rebaudioside A, and others, which are up to 300 times sweeter than sucrose but with almost no calories.
The plant typically grows to a height of 90–150 cm, with a woody base and multiple branches. Its leaves are opposite, oval-shaped, and have a rough texture. Each plant can produce between 400 to 1,200 leaves annually. The flowers are small, white, and tubular, while the fruit is an achene with a hairy top. Stevia thrives in regions with warm climates, such as Xichang, Dechang, Huili, and other areas in Liangshan, where the annual temperature ranges from 17–22°C, and the growing season lasts about 140 days. Farmers can harvest around 100–1,500 kg of fresh leaves per acre, yielding approximately 180–230 kg of dry leaves.
Stevia is widely used for its health benefits. It helps regulate blood sugar levels, making it ideal for diabetics, and may also assist in lowering blood pressure and improving metabolism. Unlike artificial sweeteners like saccharin, which have been linked to potential health risks, stevia is considered safe and even beneficial. It has been used traditionally in South America for centuries and has gained global attention as a natural alternative to sugar.
Despite its benefits, the development of stevia has faced challenges, including limited processing techniques and poor distribution networks. However, with increasing awareness of its health advantages, more countries are now cultivating and utilizing this plant. In addition to stevia, other natural sweeteners like licorice root (glycyrrhizin) and xylitol from corn cobs are also being explored for their low-calorie properties.
In summary, stevia represents a promising natural sweetener that not only offers a healthier alternative to refined sugar but also supports sustainable agriculture and public health. As research continues, its potential uses in food, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods are expected to expand significantly.
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