Peony, a flower with deep cultural roots in China, has been cultivated for centuries and is considered one of the country's traditional ornamental plants. Known for its adaptability, wide range of varieties, vibrant colors, and diverse flower shapes, peony is often used in gardens, flower beds, or natural landscapes. In Chinese garden design, peonies are frequently paired with rocks and hills, enhancing their aesthetic appeal and adding a touch of elegance. The plant typically grows between 60 to 120 cm tall, featuring compound leaves that are pinnate with two to three segments. The leaves are usually three-lobed, ranging from oval to narrow ovate or lanceolate in shape, and are generally green with a nearly smooth surface. The flowers appear singly or in clusters at the top of the stem, supported by long stalks and leafy bracts. The flowers come in various colors, including purple, pink, yellow, white, and even light green, with a diameter of 13 to 18 cm. They can have either single or double petals, with 5 to 10 layers, and feature 3 to 5 free carpels. The stamens are numerous, and the fruit contains multiple black, spherical seeds. Peonies typically bloom from April to May, depending on the region and variety, with fruits ripening between August and September. Peonies are highly cold-tolerant, making them suitable for cultivation in northern regions where they can survive winter outdoors. In Beijing, they start sprouting at the end of March to early April, with buds appearing in early April. By late October to early November, the above-ground parts of the plant die back, but the underground stems form 1 to 3 new shoots, preparing for the next growing season. Peonies thrive in well-drained loamy or sandy loam soils, which support the development of fleshy roots. Poor drainage can lead to root rot, so it's important to avoid waterlogged areas. They also prefer sunny locations, though they can tolerate partial shade without significant impact on flowering. Pest and disease management is essential for healthy peony growth. One common issue is Paeonia leaf spot, which causes dark brown spots on the leaves that expand into rosy-like patterns, leading to leaf wilting. This occurs between June and September, and can be treated with a 500-fold dilution of zineb solution after June. Another problem is Paeonia cinerea, characterized by dark brown spots near the base of the stems, which spread upward, causing the plant to wilt and dry out. Ants and bees act as carriers of this disease. Control measures include promptly removing and burning infected parts, applying Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur in spring, and soaking roots in a 1% copper sulfate solution during transplanting. Additionally, using an active cresol solution helps eliminate ants and prevent disease spread. Peony ring spot mosaic disease is caused by a virus, resulting in light green bands or irregular markings on young leaves, which develop into yellow spots or rings in autumn. It is transmitted by aphids and other sucking insects. To manage this, infected leaves should be removed and burned immediately. Aphid control can be achieved by spraying a 1000–2000 times diluted solution of ratan or applying E1059 at 100–200 times strength around the base of the plant. These treatments are most effective during the growing season. With proper care and attention, peonies can flourish and bring beauty to any garden. (School of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Zhao Fengxia)

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