Nursery Pig Management (1)
Before weaning, the piglet ingested tasty, nutritious and easily digestible mother milk approximately once per hour. After weaning, however, breast milk was suddenly stopped, instead of a solid diet. This may cause piglets to refuse to eat for a short period of time. After 12-24 hours of hunger, piglets may feed a large amount of feed and cause diarrhea. Proper diet composition, dietary forms, and feeding methods can help weaned pigs to eat earlier without developing intestinal disease. Therefore, we must establish a good nursery nutrition and feeding program in order to reduce the economic loss of piglets from breast milk to solid diets after weaning. The smaller the age of weaned pigs, the higher the requirements for nutrition and feeding management. The digestion of nutrients mainly depends on the complex digestive enzyme system in the body. Lipases, lactases, and simple proteases are present at the time of the birth of a piglet and increase rapidly after birth, which ensures that newborn piglets can fully digest breast milk. But the digestive enzymes needed to digest solid feeds are much more complex than digesting breast milk. The main factors influencing the secretion of these digestive enzymes are the weaning age and the feed (sows and attractants) exposed before weaning. By attracting food before weaning, they will become familiar with the aroma and taste of the feed, and at the same time, their digestive system is stimulated to produce the necessary digestive enzymes. The amylase and maltase secreted by the pancreas, which are required for digesting complex nutrients, only begin to produce after contact with carbohydrates, so the dietary nutrition of early weaned pigs should be as close as possible to breast milk. 1 feed ingredients In order to achieve higher feed intake and better utilization without causing diarrhea, early weaning pigs need to have high digestibility and palatability in order to achieve the following objectives: (1) to promote fast food intake; (2) to promote as soon as possible Weight gain, despite limited feed intake; (3) Minimal reduction of digestive tract discomfort; (4) Economically viable. Energy Feed: Mainly includes fat, sugar and starch. The most used lactose feed is lactose and glucose. High levels of lactose are beneficial for stimulating feed intake and accelerating weight gain. However, it should be noted that high levels of lactose (or other dairy) feed pellets are more difficult. Starch is the main carbohydrate in most pig feeds. However, piglets fed diets that use starch as their primary energy have a lower growth rate than those fed diets that use lactose and glucose as the main energy. This slow growth is attributed to the lack of pancreatic amylase and intestinal diacylase. As the piglet grows up, the digestive enzyme system digests the grain starch more easily, so in the early weaned pig feed, a lot of lactose, glucose, vegetable oil and fat are used to provide energy, and the grain is heat-treated to lyse the starch. To help the hydrolysis of enzymes, there are mainly hot granulation and puffing. Protein feed: Mainly animal protein such as fish meal, dairy products, plasma protein, spray-dried blood meal, and soybean meal. Dairy products and animal plasma should have a high proportion of early weaned pig diets to help piglets transform smoothly from breastfed to solid feed. Especially for piglets whose weaning weight is less than 5.5kg, the effect is more obvious. Plasma protein stimulates feed intake and high digestibility. It also promotes the growth of small intestine villi, thereby improving the health and absorptive capacity of the small intestine, and is therefore most widely used. In addition, the application of fishmeal is also more common, but the quality is quite different, so we must choose good quality. For the sake of biosafety, these raw materials need to be investigated to ensure that they are not contaminated. Considering the limited digestive and absorptive capacity of piglets, the content of soybean meal in early weanling pigs is less. Pigs who eat more than their digestive capacity and have high levels of soybean meal have a large number of diarrhea and poor growth. This detrimental effect mainly comes from trypsin inhibitors in soybean meal. Amino Acids: The addition of amino acids to nursery diets is nutritionally economically effective. Lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan have different degrees of application in actual nursery diets. They help provide the right amino acid balance to reduce plant protein usage and crude protein levels. Because higher, unbalanced protein levels reduce feed intake. Non-nutritive additives: Nursery pig feeds are sometimes supplemented with non-nutrient additives. Such as flavoring agents, acidifiers, Antibiotics and therapeutic trace elements. Flavors, spices, and sweeteners are often added to the feed to improve the odor of the feed. But it will increase the cost of feed, and the effect is not ideal. Acidifiers: During lactation, lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria and hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach wall keep the stomach at a low pH, thus reducing the proliferation of harmful bacteria in the stomach and small intestine. When weaning, the number of lactic acid bacteria is greatly reduced, and the increase in the amount of hydrochloric acid secretion takes a certain amount of time, so it is difficult for the piglets to maintain a low pH in the stomach. Therefore, it is particularly effective to add organic acids to the diet after 7-14 days of weaning. Therapeutic trace elements: The addition of a certain amount of copper (200-235 mg/kg of copper, such as copper sulfate or copper chloride) to the diet can promote growth benefits, especially after weaning and early growth (before 23 kg). The exact mechanism of copper growth is not yet clear. High levels of copper stimulate the activity of lipases and phospholipases, thereby improving fat digestion. Adding 1500 to 2600 mg/kg of zinc in early weaning can reduce diarrhea and increase growth rate. 2 Intake of nutrition Nutritional intake is related to dietary nutrient concentration and daily intake. The feed intake of just-weaned piglets is small every day, so the dietary nutrient concentration is relatively high to meet the needs. Therefore, the main points to increase feed intake are: (1) Easy access to new diets for piglets; (2) Use of pellets to promote feed intake; (3) Use of diets with higher initial concentrations; (4) Rapid reductions in feed intake as the intake increases Grain concentration. Set the diet specifications first to set the lowest energy concentration. Piglets below 10 kg are not able to obtain enough energy by adjusting feed intake, so the energy concentration of the diet should not be lower than 14.57 MJ/kg (metabolic energy). As the piglet’s body weight increases, the energy concentration can be adjusted downwards, but it is recommended not to fall below 13.61 MJ/kg (metabolic energy). Correct feeding and management in the early stages of nursery pigs will speed up the growth of piglets to maximize the genetic potential of muscle growth. This can reduce the age of reaching the market weight, thereby reducing feed consumption. And the faster the early growth rate, the higher the lean meat ratio of commercial pigs. 3 feeding methods Nursery pigs are accustomed to group feeding, and we can use this to make new weaned pigs smoothly transition from breast milk to solid diets. After weaning, when piglets try to eat a diet, there should be enough food intake. Within 24 hours after weaning, you can feed on the board three times a day. The smaller the piglet, the better the effect of this method. Note that it should be ensured that feeding several times a day does not limit the amount of feed intake. The feed in the chute cannot be broken. Limiting feed or drinking water will increase the battle and abnormal behavior of the pig (sucking the navel, bite the ear and bite the waist). As long as the feed is suitable for the digestive ability of the pig, there is no need to limit the food. 4 feed shape The shape of the diet affects piglet feed intake and growth. Piglets do not like to feed large pellets, and pellets with a diameter of 2.4 mm are preferred over large pellets or broken materials. The smaller the weaning age, the more important this is. Powder can be used, but waste increases by 10% to 15%. Granules can reduce waste and at the same time increase the digestibility by heating and pressurizing the feed during the production process. In addition, the addition of high levels of dairy products to early weaning pigs can make it difficult for the powder to flow in the trough. Granules do not produce this condition and can reduce nutrient separation and dust.
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