Biopesticidal active ingredients are naturally derived substances that are increasingly recognized for their environmental benefits and safety. These biological pesticides are typically categorized into three main sources: plant-based, animal-based, and microbe-based. Each type offers unique advantages in terms of effectiveness, biodegradability, and minimal harm to non-target organisms. Plant-based pesticides are particularly valued for their eco-friendly nature, as they tend to break down quickly in the environment without leaving harmful residues. They include a wide range of products such as botanical insecticides, plant-derived fungicides, herbicides, and photo-activated mold toxins. Some well-known examples from nature include the *Boluohui* insecticides, pyrethrins, nicotine, and rotenone, which are produced by plants like chrysanthemums and derris. These compounds have been used for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern sustainable agriculture. Animal-based pesticides, on the other hand, come from natural toxins found in animals such as spiders, wasps, and marine worms. In recent years, insect virus-based pesticides have gained widespread attention and use across several countries, including the United States, the UK, France, Russia, Japan, and India. Over 40 different types of these viral biopesticides are currently registered and applied globally, showing great potential in pest management while being highly specific to target species. Microbial-based pesticides utilize microorganisms or their byproducts to control pests and diseases. Among them, *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt) stands out as the most widely used and researched biopesticide worldwide. It has been in commercial use for decades and is known for its high efficacy against a variety of insect pests. In addition, entomopathogenic fungi are also gaining popularity, especially in controlling pests like pine caterpillars and rice black stripes. Some fungal metabolites, such as cocloperin, have inspired the development of synthetic insecticides like Bataan and Shandandan, which are now commonly used in agricultural practices. Overall, biopesticides offer a promising alternative to chemical pesticides, supporting sustainable farming and reducing environmental impact. As research continues, more innovative and effective bio-based solutions are expected to emerge, further enhancing their role in modern agriculture.

Food Additives

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