Nitrogen deficiency typically manifests first on new shoots and older leaves. The new shoots become short and slender, while the leaves are small in size. As the shoots mature, they take on a reddish-brown color. Yellowing begins at the base of the shoots and gradually moves upward, causing the younger leaves to turn yellow, sometimes leading to leaf drop and premature fruit fall.
To manage nitrogen deficiency, it is recommended to apply top-dressing with nitrogen-based fertilizers such as urea or ammonium nitrate. These nutrients help restore the plant's growth and overall health.
Phosphorus deficiency initially affects the shoots and leaves. Leaves become small and thin, with a gray-green appearance. The petioles and veins on the underside may show a purple-red tint. Flowering is delayed, and new branches develop fewer fine shoots. In severe cases, old leaves display a yellow-green mosaic with red or purple patches, and necrotic spots appear along the leaf edges, leading to rapid leaf drop. Phosphorus deficiency also hinders flower bud formation, weakens stress resistance, and increases susceptibility to frost damage.
To address this issue, foliar sprays of 0.5% to 1% superphosphate can be applied, and phosphate fertilizer particles should be placed in the root zone for better absorption.
Potassium deficiency usually starts from the middle or lower leaves of the shoot. The leaf tips and margins often show purpling followed by browning, while the tissue near the affected area continues to grow, causing the leaf to shrink. In severe cases, the entire leaf becomes scorched but does not fall off. This condition results in small flower buds and poor fruit coloring.
Calcium deficiency may not show visible symptoms at first, especially in young plants, as new roots stop growing early, becoming short and thick. Severe calcium deficiency leads to root tip death, with new roots forming behind the dead area, resulting in a cluster of thick, short, and highly branched roots. Upper leaves become smaller, with brown necrotic spots appearing on young leaves, which may wither or fail to flower in severe cases. Fruits are prone to diseases like erythrodhostic scab, bitter pit, and water heart during maturity and storage.
Control measures include foliar sprays of calcium solutions during the growing season, with 3–4 applications, the last one at least three weeks before harvest. Proper watering, especially during dry periods, and drainage during rainy seasons are essential. Adding organic fertilizer and using appropriate amounts of nitrogen can improve calcium uptake.
For potassium deficiency, applying potassium fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, or potassium sulfate from June to July is effective. Foliar sprays should be prepared at a concentration of 3%–10% leachate or 0.5%–1%. It is also important to increase organic matter and maintain a balanced NPK ratio.
Iron deficiency appears first on young shoots, where the leaves lose their green color, but the veins remain green. As the deficiency worsens, the veins turn yellow, and brown spots appear. The shoot tips dry out, reducing tree vigor and affecting yield.
To treat iron deficiency, spray 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution during the germination period, and use 0.1%–0.2% ferrous sulfate or ferric citrate every 20 days during the growing season. Mixing ferrous sulfate with organic fertilizer and applying it to the root zone is also beneficial.
Zinc deficiency mainly affects shoots and leaves. Affected shoots grow late, with shortened internodes and clustered or bare leaflets. Leaves become narrow, brittle, and yellow, and severe cases lead to shoot tip drying and the formation of new shoots from the lower parts. Flowers are sparse, and fruits are small and deformed.
Control methods include applying organic fertilizer and maintaining a proper NPK ratio. Before germination, spray 3%–5% zinc sulfate solution, and after full bloom, use 0.2% zinc sulfate or 0.3% urea.
Magnesium deficiency causes the base leaves to chloroize and eventually fall off, leaving only a few pale green, soft leaves at the top. Old leaves develop yellow-brown or dark brown edges, and new shoots become slender, reducing cold resistance. Flowering is inhibited, and fruits are small and poor in quality.
Mild magnesium deficiency can be managed by spraying 1%–2% magnesium sulfate solution 3–4 times from June to July. For more severe cases, mix magnesium sulfate with organic, potash, and phosphate fertilizers, applying 1–1.5 kg per mu, along with calcium fertilizer.
Boron deficiency primarily affects fruits, shoots, and young leaves. It inhibits root tip elongation and cell differentiation, leading to thick, brittle leaves known as "reddening." Severe cases result in sharp leaf tips and weak, dying branches. Dead areas may produce many slender branches, forming "broom sticks." Fruits develop surface dew, internal browning, and hardening.
To control boron deficiency, apply organic fertilizer and spray 0.1%–0.3% borax solution during key growth stages such as pre-emergence, pre-flowering, full bloom, and flowering.
LED Red Light Therapy Machine
What's red light therapy? Red light therapy before and after
Red light therapy (RLT) is a treatment that may aid in the healing of skin, muscle tissue, and other body components. It exposes you to red or near-infrared light at modest intensities. Infrared light is a sort of energy that your eyes cannot see but which your body perceives as heat. Red light is comparable to infrared light, however it is visible.
Low-level laser treatment (LLLT), low-power laser therapy (LPLT), and photobiomodulation are all terms for red light therapy (PBM).
What Is Red Light Therapy and How Does It Work?
Red light treatment involves exposing your skin to a red-light bulb, gadget, or laser. Mitochondria, also known as the "power generators" of your cells, absorb it and use it to produce additional energy. This, according to some scientists, helps cells repair themselves and grow healthier. This promotes skin and muscular tissue repair.
The skin is not injured or burned by red light treatment since it employs very low amounts of heat. It is not the same sort of light used in tanning salons, and it does not expose your skin to UV rays that are harmful to your skin.
What Is It Used For?
Red light treatment has been studied for a long time. However, there aren't many research on it, and no one knows if it's better than other sorts of healing treatments. The use of red light therapy may be beneficial in the following situations:
Dementia. People with dementia who received near-infrared light treatment on their heads and via their nostrils on a daily basis for 12 weeks had improved memory, slept better, and were less irritable.
Pain in the teeth. People with temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome (TMD) experienced decreased discomfort, clicking, and jaw soreness after receiving red light treatment, according to another small study.
Hair loss is a common occurrence. In one research, men and women with androgenetic alopecia (a hereditary condition that causes hair loss) gained thicker hair after using an at-home RLT device for 24 weeks. The outcomes were not the same for those who utilized a bogus RLT gadget in the trial.
Osteoarthritis. According to one research, red and infrared light treatment reduced osteoarthritis-related pain by more than half.
Tendinitis. RLT appears to reduce inflammation and discomfort in persons with Achilles tendonitis, according to a small trial of seven participants.
Wrinkles and other symptoms of aging and damage to the skin. RLT has been shown in studies to aid with wrinkles and skin smoothing. RLT can also assist with acne scars, burns, and sun damage indications.
What Are the Consequences?
Even though experts aren't clear how or why red light treatment works, it's usually thought to be safe. There are also no hard and fast guidelines on how much light to use. Too much light can harm skin tissue, while too little can make it less effective.
What Is Red Light Therapy and Where Can You Get It?
At most cases, it's done in a doctor's office. Some salons and dentistry clinics, however, do it as well. You may also purchase a red light treatment gadget on your own. Side effects and injuries are more likely to occur with salon and at-home treatments. If you're considering red light treatment, see your doctor first.
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