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In the aquaculture industry, high temperatures combined with high humidity are among the most damaging environmental factors, often leading to heat stress syndrome in livestock and poultry. This condition impairs the immune system, lowers the levels of immunoglobulins in the blood, and reduces the number of lymphocytes, which weakens the body's ability to fight off infections. As a result, animals become more vulnerable to diseases. Modern high-performance breeds, while productive, tend to have weaker resistance to heat stress. Severe heat stress can cause these animals to suffer or even die, resulting in significant economic losses. To help farmers manage this issue, we will now discuss several effective strategies to improve the internal environment of livestock and poultry.
1. Adjusting Dietary Nutrient Levels
(1) Protein and Amino Acids: Reducing dietary protein content while maintaining essential amino acids can enhance growth and survival rates. For broilers, adding D-methionine is beneficial, while pigs can benefit from using synthetic lysine instead of natural protein sources.
(2) Increasing Energy Levels: During heat stress, minimizing heat production is crucial. Fat has the lowest heat generation, so replacing some carbohydrates with fat can boost energy density. Adding 2% to 3% fat to the diet helps improve the animal’s adaptability under heat stress.
(3) Mineral Content: Heat stress increases the excretion of minerals like potassium, sodium, zinc, and molybdenum through urine, and calcium, manganese, selenium, and copper through feces. Magnesium and phosphorus levels also drop. When ambient temperatures exceed 20°C, mineral levels should be increased by 1.5% for each degree rise to meet the body’s needs.
2. Using Anti-Stress Additives to Alleviate Heat Stress
(1) Vitamin C and E Supplementation: Heat stress increases cortisol levels, which raises the demand for vitamin C. At the same time, the body's ability to synthesize vitamin C decreases. Adding 100–150 grams per ton of feed or 1 gram per liter of water for broilers can help. For pigs, similar amounts are recommended. Vitamin E also plays a key role in reducing heat stress. It supports immune function and improves stress resistance. In broilers, adding 200–300 mg/kg of vitamin E increases T3 and T4 levels, while layers benefit from increasing vitamin E from 10 IU to 35–50 IU, boosting egg production by 1.5–5.5%. In pigs, 200 IU/kg of vitamin E helps relieve heat stress and may improve performance.
(2) Electrolyte Balance and Acid-Base Regulation: Adding sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate to feed or drinking water helps restore acid-base balance and improve productivity. A 0.5% sodium bicarbonate addition is ideal. During heat stress, respiration increases, causing a drop in CO₂ and HCO₃⻠levels, leading to respiratory alkalosis. Acidifiers such as lactic acid, Citric Acid, or fumaric acid can help lower blood pH and stabilize the internal environment, reducing the negative impacts of heat stress.