Biological Characteristics and Cultivation Techniques of Golden Pear
Microliter Syringe,Microliter Syringe Lc 0.5Ul,Microliter Syringe Lc Rong Tai Biochemical Engineering Co., Ltd. , http://www.shpipette.com
Golden Pear is a new mid-late-maturing pear variety that was selected in 1981 by the Korean Horticultural Test Field Luozhou Branch in the new high 20th century crossbreeding and was named in 1981. It is one of the main varieties of pears currently grown in Korea. The variety is of excellent quality and is favored by domestic and foreign markets. It is currently one of the most expensive pears on the Southeast Asian and European markets. Introduced into China in 1997, in recent years, Shandong pears, Hebei, Anhui, and other old pear production areas, Golden pear is widely used in high-yield change old, bad varieties. Scion in the second year after the tree was high, the strain rate reached more than 60%, the yield per acre was about 300 kilograms, the third year reached 1,000 kilograms, and the fourth year reached 2000 kilograms. In the new park, about 20% of the branches the following year have buds and buds. The output of the third year is about 500 kilograms per mu, and about 1,000 kilograms in the fourth year. The price is more than double the price of Huanghua pear, and the economic benefits are considerable. The biological characteristics and cultivation techniques are summarized below. 1 Major traits 1.1 Botanical characteristics Gold pears have a small canopy, strong sapling growth, and a relatively open tree posture. They have a 1-year-old twig brown, burrows are large and dense, light brown, convex, oval or long spindle-shaped, and even Long-line type, the upper long-line lenticels of branches are more obvious. After the shoots were capped, the terminal buds sprouted in a spherical shape. The new shoots that have not stopped growing have yellow or green young leaves at the top, which is one of the main characteristics of the variety. The leaves are large and thick, oval or oblong. The leaf margins are very large and the teeth are deep and wide. They are often serrated and have long needles. This is an important symbol to distinguish other species. The branches and leaves of the year had no white hairs, which is a clear distinction from the 20th century. 1.2 The economical character of fruit is round, with an average fruit weight of 300 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 500 grams. Fruit shape is correct, fruit shoulder level, fruit shape index 0.9. When the bag is not ripe, the peel is yellowish-green, and it turns golden yellow after 2-3 days of storage. The bagged fruit has a yellowish-white peel, and the peel is extremely clean, with large and thin fruit spots. The flesh is white, slightly soft and juicy, with small cores, few stone cells, an edible rate of 95%, and a sugar content of 14.5% to 17.3%. Sweet and scented, with unique flavor and excellent quality. The fruit ripens at the end of August and early September, and is more resistant to storage. At 0-5°C, the flavor can remain unchanged for 2 months. However, the storage period must be covered with fresh paper to prevent dehydration and wrinkle. 1.3 Growth results The habitual saplings have strong growth potential, low germination rate, weak branching force, and have the characteristics of flower buds sprouting. They are easy to form short fruit branches with early fruits and high yield. Most of the leaf buds that are dumped for 1 year can be transformed into flower buds. After years of throwing long and medium shoots, the tree tends to be weak. The new park, like the following year, about 20% of the shoots have buds, the first three years of production of about 500 kilograms per acre, the fourth year of about 1,000 kilograms. After the trees are connected, the rate of strains in the second year will be more than 60%, and the yield per acre will be about 300 kg. In the third year, it will be more than 1,000 kg, and in the fourth year it will be stable at about 2000 kg. The flower development of this species is incomplete, the pistil is developed, the stamens are degraded, and the pollen amount is very small, which requires cross-pollination. Under natural pollination conditions, the fruit set rate of inflorescence is 70%, and the fruit set rate is about 20%. Strict fruit thinning is required. 1.4 The phenology period is similar to that of Cuiguan Pear. In late February, flower buds germinate. In the early flowering period on March 15, the flowering period lasts from March 20 to 25, and flowering lasts for about l0 days. The buds germinate in early April and germinate in mid-April. The fruit ripens at the end of August and early September, and the fruit development period is about 150 days. 1.5 Adaptability and Stress Resistance This species has strong adaptability and can grow normally in the hills and plains. The requirements for fertilizer and water conditions are relatively high. Youxi sandy soil, clay loam, and barren soil are not suitable for cultivation. Early spring frost damage and frost damage have not yet been found. In summer temperatures above 35°C, the leaves in the middle of the shoots will turn green and yellow and even cause fallen leaves. The fruit and leaves are resistant to pear black spot and black spot disease. 2 Cultivation Techniques 2.1 Requirements for Building Parks 2.1.1 Garden Selection and Planting Densities. Planting golden pears requires a deep soil layer, good ventilation, and a high content of organic matter, and must be irrigated, and loam and sandy loam can be used. The soil with heavy soil and thin soil is not suitable for planting golden pears. Plant spacing is 2.5 meters 4 meters or 2 meters 4 meters, 67-85 plants per acre is appropriate, north-south line. Also 2.5 meters 3 meters spacing, every 4 rows - 45 centimeters. 2.1.2 Pollination tree configuration. The pistil of the Golden Pear is well developed. The stamens are degraded and the pollen is less. When the garden is built, more than two varieties must be allocated to pollinate trees. The ratio of pollinated trees is 5:1. The pollen pollination effects of common pear varieties and sand pear varieties are good. Pollination trees are best selected for their high economic benefits and consistent flowering time, such as Cuiguan, Huanghua, Fengshui, Crystal, and the 20th century. In the line of pollination varieties, there are a total of two varieties, arranged in a 2:2 or 4:4 ratio. 2.1.3 Choose strong seedlings and scientific colonization. Planting and selecting strong seedlings with a complete root system and a seedling height of 80 cm or more will be carried out according to the line spacing requirements of the plant. The depth of the planting hole is about 40 centimeters. Each hole is applied with 50 kilograms of soil manure and 0.5 kilograms of compound fertilizer. Put the seedlings into the hole and require the interface to face the main wind direction. The roots stretch naturally in the middle of the hole. Try not to knot the seedlings. Straighten the seedlings to make them vertical and horizontal. Then fill the soil and shake the seedlings with the fill to make the roots and soil close together. After filling, the ground around the tree is slightly higher than the original ground level. The depth of the seedlings is 3-5 cm above the original buried soil on the seedlings. It should not be too shallow or too deep. It can't be buried in the interface, the planting is too shallow, the root system is bare, and the survival rate is low; when the planting is too deep, the tree sprouts late, and the growth of the tree body after germination is weak. After planting planting water. After 2 days watering, the tree shrews were mulched and covered with plastic film. Dry height 70 cm. When the height of seedlings is less than 70 cm, the top buds of the seedlings are kept and they are not dry. In order to prevent the seedlings from losing water and draining, the pests will injure the newly developed pear shoots, which can be wrapped in a 7-8 cm wide, 30-35 cm long, closed plastic film bag. When the saplings germinate 2-3 cm in the bag, cut the corner of the bag to a corner. After 5-10 days, cut the top of the bag completely, and cut the bag about 1/3 from top to bottom, and pull it under the tying rope to form a bell-shaped mouth, which can prevent the underground pests from eating the leaves and buds on the tree. 2.2 Management Techniques 2.2.1 Fertilizer management. Planting 100,000 Urea Urea in late May of the same year, 3,000 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer per acre in the fall, 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer, 20-30 centimeters of radial grooves for fertilization, and avoiding complete overturning of the tree disk to destroy shallow roots . In the spring of the second year, 200 grams of urea were planted before germination, 0.5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer was applied in late May, 4,000 kg of high-quality base fertilizer was applied per acre in autumn, 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, and 25 kg of zinc sulfate. After entering the result period, 300 grams of urea will be applied before germination each spring, 1 kg of compound fertilizer will be applied after flowering, and 1.5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer will be topped during the fruit enlargement period, and the top dressing fertilizer will be applied more than 5 times during the growing season. Spraying dried shoots with 3% urea solution before germination, spraying 0.3% borax solution twice at flowering stage, spraying urea solution before June, spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 15-20 days after June. Add 0.2% urea solution. In autumn, 4500 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, 60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 30 kg of zinc sulfate. In early June, the orchards cover the grass, and the soil moisture during the fruit expansion period is maintained at 60% to 80%. If the rate is lower than 60%, irrigation should be performed. Micro-irrigation and drip irrigation are the best. . After defoliation, combined with deciduous rot, all fertilization is buried in the fertilization ditch, and once the water is poured, the water is poured once in the early spring before germination, and water is usually applied in combination with fertilization to pay attention to drainage in the rainy season. 2.2.2 flower and fruit management. Inflorescences are retained at a spacing of 25 cm during the flower bud separation period. Each center of the inflorescence retains one center bud and one side flower bud, and leaves too many inflorescences and side buds. The weak branches and buds do not grow well and should be removed as soon as possible. Full flower spray 0.3% borax solution. When the pollination tree is equipped properly, the natural pollination rate is higher. Fruit thinning should be completed within half a month after fruiting. Only 1 fruit per inflorescence, leaf to fruit ratio of 40:1, fruit spacing 25-30 cm, fruit production per acre controlled within 2500 kg. 2.2.3 full bag cultivation. Bagging is a key technical measure for the production of high-grade golden pear fruit. The unpeeled skin is rough and ugly. In order to retain the fruit after the fruit thinning, a double-layer paper bag with a higher standard is placed on the whole in a leak-proof manner. Currently, the Aika brand double-layer pear bag is used more frequently. The sooner the bagging time is, the better. Minimize external stimulus to the fruit. About 10 days before harvesting, the bottom of the bag is torn and the fruit surface can turn golden brown, which can also reduce the loss of water and wrinkles during storage. 2.2.4 Pest control. Focus on the prevention and treatment of pests such as pear locust, caribou, red spider, aphid and pear scab, pear rust, and early defoliation. In the inflorescence separation period, spraying a methomyl powder, in late April spray-time Abade to increase M-45 prevention and treatment of pear hibiscus, protect the leaves; in late May spray dimethoate control locust, Fuxing 0.017% -0.02% prevention Pear scab; in the middle of June, abutin plus thiophanate-methyl was used to control pear lice and leaf diseases; in the middle and late July, abuturing carbendazim was sprayed once, and pear seedlings and scab were prevented. 2.2.5 Shaping. Pears are strong in trunk and have erect growth characteristics. A three-main branch with an improved central spindle and a more elastic result section should be trained to improve the spindle shape, or generally a spindle shape. The number of single main branch (large-scale result branch group) is 12-15, the main branch is all uniaxially extended, maintains the angle of 60-70, the small and medium-sized result branches are all pulled into level. The juvenile trees are properly lightly cut, and the short cuts on the back of the twigs can form a large number of full flower buds. The fruit is large and of good quality and should be fully utilized. The fruit of the back branches is small and removed in time. Appropriate sparse. The small branches of the uniaxially-extending branch were spring-cut with small breaks (cutting 2-3 buds), combined with the method of sprouting, which promoted multiple middle and short branches in the middle and back of the main branch. The new branch occurred under the clipping and the first tip was used as an extension branch, and the second tip had a strong growth potential to avoid excessive growth at the front end. Carve buds must be carved on both sides of the shoots, not the bottom buds, not 30 minutes from the center of dry buds. After entering the full fruit period, the buds and competition branches will be removed at any time during the growing season, and the back branch angle will be timely adjusted in summer and autumn. Winter pruning is still dominated by thinning and adjusting angles. According to the fact that golden pears are easy to flower, after successive years of results, the tree vigor is easy to weaken, and the fruit quality of the fruit of the general branch group is reduced after 2 years. Attention should be paid to fully using the back branch to level the branches after cultivation, and attention should be paid to the preparation of the appropriate branches. . 3 Big Tree Replacement Techniques Most varieties of pear and sand pear systems can be exchanged for golden pears. When the big tree is changed, we must first determine what tree to change, and then select the backbone branch and heading branch according to the tree requirements. Replace the head saw and go to the original head, and select the appropriate scion for grafting. Scion with annual branches. Cut spruce shoots in winter or spring and store them in a cold room or in a shady area for digging. Long-term grafting is performed in late March. Generally 5 years old, 5 to 10 buds per plant; 5 to 10 years old trees, 10 to 20 buds per plant; 10 to 20 years old trees, 30 to 40 buds per plant; 30 or more trees per plant Follow 40-60 buds. At the incision site, the skin is connected under the skin, the bald area is connected with the skin under the abdomen, and the fine rootstock is connected with the abdomen. The number of joint buds depends on the site of the joint and the thickness of the rootstock. Under the skin, the abdominal connection should be carried out in the formation of a layer of activity (off the bone), then take a single bud; cut the mouth of the skin can be connected to 2-3 buds. After picking up, use a 10-20 cm wide plastic film to seal all the buds. Note that the budding site must be covered with a single layer of plastic film, otherwise budding can not break the film on its own. Individual buds can not be broken out of the film, the late can be used to pick up the bud on the bud. After grafting, buds should be removed in time. When the new shoot reaches 30 centimeters in length, the windbreak bar is tied; in mid-June, the binding film at the time of grafting is released; when the new shoot reaches about 80 centimeters in July, the tie angle is 45 to 60 degrees, and then flower buds can be formed. Leap year results.